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How Your Port Sets Your Bandwidth
Author: John SheplerAs users of MAN and WAN telecom services, we are well aware of contract bandwidth. What once felt like more than adequate line speed now feels a bit limiting. In the worst case, the application doesn't work properly and performance drops as everyone waits for something to load. Now, what does it take to increase bandwidth and eliminate all these congestion?
Each connection has its own speedYou can often run at less power than either channel, but no more than that. Factors that affect the maximum speed include the type of transmission medium such as twisted-pair copper, coaxial cable, optical fiber, or microwave wireless. They also include the port capabilities of an access router or other consumer equipment (CPE). Let's take a look at some common connectivity solutions and their associated port speeds.
Garrison T1
The T1 line operates at a synchronous rate of 1.5 Mbps. Synchronization between source and destination is a function of TDM or Time Division Multiplexing technology, which includes T-Carrier (T1, T3) and SONET (OC-3, OC-12, OC-24, OC-48). These lanes carry traffic by dividing the speed of a given lane into smaller sections called channels. T1 has 24 channels of 64 Kbps each. This is justified by bundling telephone conversations on each line. For data transmission, all channels are combined into one large channel.
It's easy to see how the speed can be reduced to 1.5 Mbps by using fewer channels or limiting the data rate. This is a popular cost saving method when a T1 line is too expensive. Currently, 1.5 Mbps is considered the best entry-level broadband. So how do you get more than 1.5 Mbps from a T1 line?
Short answer: no. The long answer is that two or more T1 channels are connected or connected to act as a single transmission line. This allows you to increase the throughput from 3 to 12 Mbps. Note that every time you want to add another row, it must be physically set by the same statement. They usually require modification of the CPE and the addition of additional conduit.
Line T3 or DS3
T3 and DS3 are practically the same, although there are technical differences between their designations. Both operate at 45 Mbps and are delivered over a pair of coaxial cables to specific plug-in cards in the router. What you don't see is that the DS3 signal is almost always multiplexed into SONET fiber optic service. These are all TDM services, like the T1 line with steroids.
SONET optical fiber
SONET, or Synchronous Optical Network, is a family of standards that offer easy upgrades from T-Carrier. Yes, SONET still uses 64Kbps lines when configured for phone lines. Otherwise, it offers a very large data link that can also be used as a SIP backbone.
Like the T-Carrier, each SONET variant has its own interface. For OC-3 155Mbps, OC-12 622Mbps, OC-24 1.2Gbps, OC-48 2.4Gbps and OC-192 10 Gbps requires a special card or router provided by your carrier. Sometimes you can get unlimited bandwidth on every level to save money.
Ethernet over copper cable
Ethernet over Copper (EoC) uses the same twisted pair as T1, but provides faster speeds over shorter distances. Typical bandwidth ranges from 3 to 10 or 20 Mbps. In special cases, it can be increased to 50 or 100 Mbps.
Ethernet is slightly different from TCM in that it does not have synchronous channels, but everything is transmitted in packets. The number of packets that must be transmitted on one link per second is its bandwidth. The bandwidth you can get depends on the bandwidth of your carrier and the speed of the ports set in the CPE. Often this is a managed border router installed on your premises.
You connect to the router's Ethernet port using a standard RJ-45 Ethernet cable. The port speed complies with 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps Ethernet standards. If the port is set to 100 Mbps, you can specify the desired bandwidth in fairly small increments, based on the technical capabilities of the connection. Better yet, you can ask your carrier to change bandwidth at any time and it will happen quickly. Some managers even allow you to modify yourself through a web browser.
Fiber over Ethernet
Ethernet over fiber (EOF) works just like Ethernet over copper, except that it runs over fiber optic cables and offers virtually unlimited speed options. Your front door can be copper or fiber optic. Copper twisted-pair connectors are available for 10 Mbps, 100 Mbps, and 1000 Mbps ports. Fiber optic connections of 10 Gbps and higher are used.
Fiber has become much cheaper in recent years. Currently, it makes sense to install Ethernet on a 10Mbps low latency service. With a modest 1000 Mbps port, you have all the expansion options you need for a simple future. No hardware changes are required unless the Gigabit Ethernet bandwidth limit is exceeded. So you will probably switch to port 10 GigE. Until then, 100 GigE ports may be the rule, not the exception.
Value Considerations
TDM services such as T1, T3 and SONET are proven technologies, but they represent the past of telecommunications and networks. The new competitive carrier network is designed around Ethernet for scalability and compatibility with the Ethernet protocol that runs on virtually any corporate network. In most cases, you will find that Ethernet offers savings over TDM in both copper and fiber formats. These savings can be half or more, depending on what's available in your area.
Do you want to increase the bandwidth of your current connection? Obviously, it's time to think about an upgrade. Get competitive pricing on copper and fiber services available for your location, and be sure to select a port speed that suits your current and expected needs.
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